Resistance to Portugal in Africa
The slave trade was still going on
Ana Nzinga, ruler of Ndongo
She allied with Portugal and converted to Christianity to protect her people.
Historical impact of small victories
Resistance in Russia
In 1774, the Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev led a rebellion against Catherine the Great, protesting the Russian nobility’s power over serfs on their land.
Moderate modern politics.
Resistance to Spain in the Americas
The Pueblo Revolts in 1680 were a rebellion against the Spanish in present-day New Mexico, caused by the Spanish polices of forced conversions.
Resistance to England in the Americas
Maroon wars – Escaped slaves in the Caribbean (Maroons) established independent settlements and fought for their independence in the 18th century.
Metacom’s War – A Major war between English settlers in New England (1675 – 1678) and indigenous people. Proleteria.
Resistance in Mughal India
Questioning Religious Legitimacy
The Maratha
Conclusion
States & Empires are not all-powerful
States are challenged by internal and external forces
Legitimacy can be challenged and lost
People have agency, and history is not written by winners alone.