The Industrial Revolution spread from Britain to Europe, North America, parts of Eurasia
Late industrializers face pressure from stronger industrial powers
New technologies, fossil fuels, railroads, global capital reshape economies
Driven by mechanization, mass production, and productivity growth
Against agrarian economies and traditional social hierarchies
Urbanization, class conflict
United States
Early textiles, post-Civil War boom
Abundant resources, large domestic market
Limited state role, big business
Mass consumption
Strong labor conflict but weak socialism
Russia
Late, state-led industrialization
Focus on railroads and heavy industry
Harsh conditions, radical workers
Revolution (1905, 1917)
Latin America
Export-based growth after independence
Raw materials for industrial nations
Elite gains, rural poverty
Dependent development
Little industrialization
Consequences
U.S. rises as industrial power
Russia becomes the first socialist state
Latin America remains dependent
Industrialization reshapes global inequality