Question 1
(a)
UR- Philips Curve
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Excalidraw Data
Text Elements
LRPC
SRPC
5%
Unemployment
Inflation rate
4%
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(b)
(i)
边际消费倾向(MPC)=0.8
消费乘数 = 1 / (1 - MPC) = 1 / (1 - 0.8) = 5
需减少AD=5000亿,因此政府支出需减少:5000亿 / 5 = 1000亿(减少方向)。
(ii)
短期菲利普斯曲线上的点向右下方移动,因为需求下降,通胀率降低,失业率增加。
(iii)
实际利率降低。政府支出减少后,需求下降,利率下调以刺激私人投资。
(iv)
实际利率下降会使美国资产的吸引力降低,美元需求减少,因此美元贬值。
(c)
政府支出减少5000亿且税收减少5000亿:
(i)
政府支出乘数 = 5(如前计算)
税收乘数 = -MPC / (1 - MPC) = -0.8 / 0.2 = -4
因此最大AD变动为:
(-5000亿 × 5) + (-5000亿 × -4) = -25000亿 + 20000亿 = -5000亿(向左移动)。
(ii)
贷款需求减少,因为政府支出减少后,对资金需求减少。
(d)
长期来看,若无政策干预,经济将自动回到潜在产出,实际GDP恢复到充分就业产出水平。这是因为工资与资源价格最终会调整,推动SRAS向右移动,消除通货膨胀缺口。
Question 2
(a)
Recession ADAS
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Excalidraw Data
Text Elements
GDP
PL
SRAS
AD
LRAS
Y1
PL1
YF
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(b)
长期中,无干预情况下,工资和生产成本下降,SRAS向右移动,经济自动回到充分就业状态(Y1回到Yf)。
(c)
(i)
MPC = 0.8,乘数=5
缺口:5400 - 5000=400亿
所需政府支出增加:400亿/5=80亿(增加方向)
(ii)
所需税收减少:400亿/4=100亿(税收减少方向)
(d)
Reserve market
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Excalidraw Data
Text Elements
IR
Q
D
S1
S2
IR1
IR2
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(e)
Coolway利率下降,美元资产吸引力下降,Coolway美元需求减少,相对墨西哥比索贬值。
Question 3
(a)
UR+ Philips Curve 1
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Excalidraw Data
Text Elements
LRPC
SRPC
5%
Unemployment
Inflation rate
7%
B
3%
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(b)
(i)
SRAS右移,由于经济不景气,资源成本下降。
(ii)
长期菲利普斯曲线不变,因为自然失业率固定。
(c)
扩张性财政政策,因为增加政府支出或降低税收。
(d)
AD曲线右移,实际GDP上升,价格水平上升。
(e)
实际GDP增加,居民收入上升,进口需求上升,货币供应于外汇市场增加。
(f)
因货币供应增加,国家X货币在外汇市场贬值。
Question 4
(a)
UR++ Philips Curve 2
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Excalidraw Data
Text Elements
LRPC
SRPC
Unemployment
Inflation rate
X
Z
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(b)
政府赤字支出增加以达到充分就业会提高真实利率,因为资金需求增加。
(c)
因真实利率增加,加拿大吸引国际资本流入增加。
(d)
加拿大真实利率上升,绘制加拿大元对挪威克朗的外汇市场图,外资流入增加,加元需求上升,加元升值。
(e)
加元升值意味着挪威克朗贬值。
(f)
挪威经常账户若原本为0,现在克朗贬值会导致挪威出口增加、进口减少,经常账户盈余。
(g)
加拿大元升值导致出口减少,净出口减少。
(h)
Question 5
(a)
- Production Possibility Curve
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Excalidraw Data
Text Elements
food
clothing
A
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(b)
(i) 买入债券(公开市场操作)。
(ii)
S+ Money market
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Excalidraw Data
Text Elements
S1
D
Nominal interest rate
Quantity of money
IR1
IR2
S2
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(iii) 实际利率下降,因为扩张政策造成的货币供应增加所致。
(iv) 实际利率下降刺激投资增加,短期实际GDP上升。因为投资增加拉动AD增加。
(b)
(i) 因实际GDP增长,居民收入增加,进口增加,经常账户赤字初步恶化。
(ii) 因实际GDP增长导致进口需求增加,Rankinland货币bera供应于外汇市场增加,bera贬值。